GSTT1/GSTM1 Genotype and Anti-Tuberculosis Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Peruvian Patients.

In Peru, 24,581 people were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in 2020. Although TB treatments are effective, 3.4-13% are associated with significant adverse drug reactions (ADRs), with drug-induced liver injury (DILI) considered the most predominant. Among the first-line antituberculosis drugs, isoniazid (INH) is the main drug responsible for the appearance of DILI. In the liver, INH is metabolized by the enzymes N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) with two isoforms, GSTT1 and GSTM1. Based on previous studies, we hypothesized that interactions between the GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes induce DILI in TB patients. In this cross-sectional study of 377 participants who completed their anti-TB treatment, we genotyped by revealing the presence or absence of 215- and 480-bp bands of GSTM1 and GSTT1, respectively. We found that the prevalence of the GSTM1 genotype was 52.79% and 47.21% for presence and null, respectively, and for GSTT1 it was 69.76% and 30.24% for presence and null, respectively. Neither genotype was prevalent in the patients who developed DILI (n = 16). We did not confirm our hypothesis; however, we found that the combination of GSTM1 present genotype, GSTT1 null genotype, fast NAT2 acetylators, and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype had a significant risk for the development of ADR (OR 11; p = 0.017; 95% CI: (0.54-186.35)). We propose that the presence of the GSTM1 present genotype, GSTT1 null genotype, fast NAT2 acetylators, and CYP2E1 c1/c1 genotype in the Peruvian population could be considered a risk factor for the development of ADR due to therapeutic drug intake.

A mobile lab for ancient DNA extraction in Perug.

We report the use of a mobile laboratory set up to extract ancient DNA (aDNA) from 34 human coprolites (fossilized faeces) samples. Our approach enabled the rapid genetic characterization of 5,000 years old archeological samples. It is useful for the on-site screening of museums and freshly excavated samples for DNA. This approach is accessible to other investigators as the mobile laboratory was set up using commercially available instruments.

Social, Epidemiological, and Virological Characteristics from Peruvian Subjects Living with HIV-1/AIDS with Different Sexual Risk Behavior.

HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance profile might change according to the risky sexual behavior of the host. To show this, we recruited 134 individuals between the years 2015 and 2017 identified as transgender women sex workers (TWSW, n = 73) and Heterosexual Military Officers (HET-MO, n = 61). After obtaining informed consent, we collected a blood sample to perform the HIV genotyping, CD4 cell count, and viral load. We used bioinformatics approaches for detecting resistance mutations and recombination events. Epidemiological data showed that both groups reported sexually transmitted diseases and they were widespread among TWSW, especially syphilis and herpes virus (35.6%). Illegal drugs consumption was higher among TWSW (71.2%), whereas condom use was inconsistent for both HET-MO (57.4%) and TWSW (74.0%). TWSW showed the shortest time exposition to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (3.5 years) and the lowest access to ART (34.2%) that conducted treatment failure (>4 logs). HIV-1 sequences from TWSW and HET-MO were analyzed to determine the genetic diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance. Phylogeny analysis revealed 125 (93%) cases of subtype B, 01 subtype A (0.76%), 07 (5.30%) BF recombinants, and 01 (0.76%) AG recombinant. Also, TWSW showed a higher recombination index (9.5%, 7/73) than HET-MO (1.5%, 1/68). HET-MO only showed acquired resistance (26.23%, 16/61), whereas TWSW showed both acquired as transmitted resistance (9.59% for each). In conclusion, TWSW and HET-MO showed significant differences considering the epidemiological characteristics, genetic diversity, recombination events, and HIV resistance profile.

Human-SARS-CoV-2 interactome and human genetic diversity: TMPRSS2-rs2070788, associated with severe influenza, and its population genetics caveats in Native Americans.

For human/SARS-CoV-2 interactome genes ACE2, TMPRSS2 and BSG, there is a convincing evidence of association in Asians with influenza-induced SARS for TMPRSS2-rs2070788, tag-SNP of the eQTL rs383510. This case illustrates the importance of population genetics and of sequencing data in the design of genetic association studies in different human populations: the high linkage disequilibrium (LD) between rs2070788 and rs383510 is Asian-specific. Leveraging on a combination of genotyping and sequencing data for Native Americans (neglected in genetic studies), we show that while their frequencies of the Asian tag-SNP rs2070788 is, surprisingly, the highest worldwide, it is not in LD with the eQTL rs383510, that therefore, should be directly genotyped in genetic association studies of SARS in populations with Native American ancestry.

Especies rickettsiales en casos humanos con síndrome febril agudo inespecífico en Perú / Rickettsial species in human cases with non-specific acute febrile syndrome in Peru

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de caracterizar molecularmente aislamientos rickettsiales procedentes de humanos con síndrome febril agudo inespecífico se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con aislamientos propagados en cultivos celulares Vero ATCC y líneas alternativas, verificando viabilidad mediante Inmunofluoresencia Indirecta (IFI). Previa extracción del ADN, se amplificó el gen gltA mediante PCR convencional, y se analizó su secuencia. Doce aislamientos fueron amplificados, cinco con suficiente ADN para secuenciarlos, evidenciando compatibilidad con R. asembonensis en cuatro, y estrecha identidad con Coxiella burnetti en uno. Al menos tres de siete líneas celulares alternativas mostraron rendimiento significativo en sub cultivos. Se identificó R. asembonensis en cuatro aislamientos de humanos con síndrome febril agudo inespecífico, procedentes de las regiones de Ayacucho, Cajamarca y Madre de Dios en Perú, y Coxiella burnetti en uno procedente de la región Loreto.

ABSTRACT With the objective of molecularly characterizing rickettsial isolates from humans with non-specific acute febrile syndrome, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, with isolates propagated in Vero ATCC cellular cultures and alternative lines, verifying the viability by means of Indirect Immunofluorescence. Prior to DNA extraction, the gltA gene was amplified by means of conventional PCR, and its sequence was analyzed. Twelve isolates were amplified, five with sufficient DNA so as to sequence them, exhibiting compatibility with R. asembonensis in four, and a close identity with Coxiella burnetti in one. At least three of seven alternative cellular lines showed significant yield in sub-cultures. R. asembonensis was identified in four isolates of humans with non-specific acute febrile syndrome, coming from the regions of Ayacucho, Cajamarca, and Madre de Dios in Peru, and Coxiella burnetti in one coming from the Loreto region.

[Rickettsial species in human cases with non-specific acute febrile syndrome in Peru]. / Especies rickettsiales en casos humanos con síndrome febril agudo inespecífico en Perú.

With the objective of molecularly characterizing rickettsial isolates from humans with non-specific acute febrile syndrome, a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted, with isolates propagated in Vero ATCC cellular cultures and alternative lines, verifying the viability by means of Indirect Immunofluorescence. Prior to DNA extraction, the gltA gene was amplified by means of conventional PCR, and its sequence was analyzed. Twelve isolates were amplified, five with sufficient DNA so as to sequence them, exhibiting compatibility with R. asembonensis in four, and a close identity with Coxiella burnetti in one. At least three of seven alternative cellular lines showed significant yield in sub-cultures. R. asembonensis was identified in four isolates of humans with non-specific acute febrile syndrome, coming from the regions of Ayacucho, Cajamarca, and Madre de Dios in Peru, and Coxiella burnetti in one coming from the Loreto region.

Con el objetivo de caracterizar molecularmente aislamientos rickettsiales procedentes de humanos con síndrome febril agudo inespecífico se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con aislamientos propagados en cultivos celulares Vero ATCC y líneas alternativas, verificando viabilidad mediante Inmunofluoresencia Indirecta (IFI). Previa extracción del ADN, se amplificó el gen gltA mediante PCR convencional, y se analizó su secuencia. Doce aislamientos fueron amplificados, cinco con suficiente ADN para secuenciarlos, evidenciando compatibilidad con R. asembonensis en cuatro, y estrecha identidad con Coxiella burnetti en uno. Al menos tres de siete líneas celulares alternativas mostraron rendimiento significativo en sub cultivos. Se identificó R. asembonensis en cuatro aislamientos de humanos con síndrome febril agudo inespecífico, procedentes de las regiones de Ayacucho, Cajamarca y Madre de Dios en Perú, y Coxiella burnetti en uno procedente de la región Loreto.